It is transported to the liver and released into the blood stream, then enters cells throughout the body via the taurine transporter (TauT). Most taurine is obtained through diet and absorbed in the small intestine. This is converted into hypotaurine with assistance from several enzymes, and then oxidized to form taurine. in the transsulfuration pathway, homocysteine is converted into cystathionine.Hypotaurine is oxidized by hypotaurine dioxygenase to form taurine ( Ripps et al., 2012). ![]() It is then decarboxylated by cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) to form hypotaurine. in the cysteine sulfinic pathway, cysteine is oxidized to cysteine sulfinic acid by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase.Taurine is synthesized in humans in the liver via two pathways: Unlike other amino acids, taurine contains a sulfide group instead of a carboxyl group, which makes it an amino sulfonic acid. Taurine is derived from the conditionally essential amino acid, cysteine, which is a product of methionine catabolism. However, given its significant role in many biological processes including bile salt formation, osmoregulation, antioxidation, retinal development, and the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, its presence in the body appears very much essential ( Ripps et al., 2012 Stapleton et al., 1998). ![]() Taurine is considered a “conditionally” essential amino acid, due to its lack of involvement in protein synthesis. Taurine does not appear to be present to the same degree in plants ( Jacobsen et al., 1968 Hou et al., 2019). Over the following decades, studies revealed the presence of taurine in animal bile and muscle tissue, including human bile in 1846 ( Ronalds et al., 2019). Referencing this, taurine gets its name from the Latin taurus, meaning bull or ox. It was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by two German scientists, Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin ( Tiedemann et al., 1827). Taurine is an aminosulfonic acid with high intracellular concentrations in the brain, retina, heart, skeletal muscles, and leukocytes in humans ( Bayarmaa et al., 2013 Lourenço et al., 2002). ![]() Taurine as a regulator of cellular functionġ827: first isolated in ox bile | 1846: first discovery in human bile.
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